{"id":7887,"date":"2024-11-03T08:00:44","date_gmt":"2024-11-03T13:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/blog\/?p=7887"},"modified":"2025-01-14T02:16:59","modified_gmt":"2025-01-14T07:16:59","slug":"the-best-way-to-teach-when-clarity-leads-to-muddle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/the-best-way-to-teach-when-clarity-leads-to-muddle\/","title":{"rendered":"The Best Way to Teach: When Clarity Leads to Muddle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Most teachers want to be\u00a0<em>better<\/em> teachers. You&#8217;re probably reading this blog for research-based guidance on doing so.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/AdobeStock_835635494.jpeg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-7902\" src=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/AdobeStock_835635494-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"A young student wearing plastic goggles carefully pours something into a beaker slightly filled with green liquid\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/AdobeStock_835635494-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/AdobeStock_835635494-1024x683.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>I recently read a study that\u00a0offers emphatic &#8212; and paradoxical &#8212; guidance. Exploring this research &#8212; as well as\u00a0its paradoxes\u00a0&#8212; might be helpful as we think about being better teachers.<\/p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s the story.<\/p>\n<p>A research team, led by Louis Deslauriers, worked with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/cji\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.1821936116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">students in an introductory physics class<\/a> at Harvard. This class was taught by an experienced professor who mostly lectured; he also supplemented the class with &#8220;demonstrations, &#8230; occasional interactive quizzes or conceptual questions.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s call this approach &#8220;interactive lecture.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In Deslauriers&#8217;s study, students also attended <em>two\u00a0<\/em><em>additional classes.<\/em>\u00a0One was taught\u00a0with\u00a0<strong>Method A\u00a0<\/strong>and the other with\u00a0<strong>Method B<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In Method A, an experienced professor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>presented slides<\/li>\n<li>gave explanations<\/li>\n<li>solved sample problems<\/li>\n<li>strove for fluency of presentation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>What abotu Method B? Another experienced teacher:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>used principles of deliberate practice<\/li>\n<li>instructed students to solve sample problems together in small groups<\/li>\n<li>circulated through the room to answer questions<\/li>\n<li>ultimately provided a full and correct answer to the problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The researchers strove, as much as possible, to make the\u00a0<em>class<\/em>\u00a0<em>content<\/em> identical; only the\u00a0<em>pedagogy<\/em> differed.<\/p>\n<p>What did the researchers learn about the relative benefits of Methods A and B?<\/p>\n<h2>Paradox #1: Effective and Unloved<\/h2>\n<p>First off, the students <em>learned more from Method B<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>That is: when they solved problems in small groups, wrestled with the content, and ultimately heard the right answer,\u00a0students scored relatively higher on an end-of-class multiple choice test. When they experienced Method A (the prof explained all the info and solved all the problems), they scored relatively lower.<\/p>\n<p>But &#8212; paradoxically &#8212; the students\u00a0<em>preferred<\/em>\u00a0Method A, and believed that they learned more from it. They even suggested that all their classes be taught according to Method A &#8212; the method that resulted in <em>less learning<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers offer several explanations for this paradox. The headlines sound like this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When students\u00a0hear straightforward explanations and see clear\/succesful demonstrations of solutions strategies (Method A), the content seems <em>easy and clear<\/em>. Students\u00a0<em>think<\/em> they understand.<\/li>\n<li>But, when they have to do the cognitive heavy lifting (Method B), class feels <em>more difficult<\/em>. Result: students worry they didn&#8217;t understand.<\/li>\n<li>Because the students are\u00a0&#8212; relatively speaking\u00a0&#8212; novices, they don&#8217;t know enough to know when they understand.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Team Deslauriers, sensibly enough, suggests that we can help students appreciate and accept the more challenging methods &#8212; like Method B &#8212; if we explain the reseasoning behind them.<\/p>\n<p>I, by the way, take this suggestion myself. For instance: I explain the benefits of retrieval practice to my students. They don&#8217;t always love RP exercises, because retrieval practice feels harder than simple review. But they understand the logic behind my approach.<\/p>\n<h2>Paradox #2: Clarity vs. Muddle<\/h2>\n<p>Up to this point, Deslauriers and Co. pursue a sensible path.<\/p>\n<p>They know that MOST college profs use Method A (the bad one), so they want those profs to change. To encourage that change, the undertake a study showing a better option: Method B!<\/p>\n<p>Given these research results, Deslauriers and Co. offer two clear and emphatic suggestions:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>First<\/strong>: teachers should use Method B teaching strategies, not Method A strategies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Second<\/strong>: to counteract students&#8217; skepticism about Method B, we should explain the logic behind it.<\/p>\n<p>What could be more helpful?<\/p>\n<p>Alas, these clear suggestions can lead to another muddle. This\u00a0muddle results from the freighted NAMES that this study gives to Methods A and B.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Method B &#8212; the good one &#8212; is called &#8220;active.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Method A &#8212; the bad one &#8212; is called (inevitably) &#8220;passive.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>So, this study summarizes its findings by saying that &#8220;active&#8221; teaching is better than &#8220;passive&#8221; teaching.<\/p>\n<p>These labels create real problems with the research conclusions.<\/p>\n<p>Because these labels lack precision, I can apply them quite loosely to any teaching approach that I believe to be good or bad.<\/p>\n<p>For instance: recall the experienced professor who regularly teaches this physics course. He\u00a0mostly lectures; he also supplements the class with &#8220;demonstrations, &#8230; occasional interactive quizzes or conceptual questions.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If I <em>disapprove<\/em> of that combination, I can call it &#8220;passive&#8221; &#8212; he mostly lectures!<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If I <em>approve,<\/em> I can call it &#8220;active&#8221; &#8212; consider all those demonstractions, interactions, and conceptual questions!!<\/p>\n<p>These labels, in other words are both loaded and vague &#8212; a perilous combination.<\/p>\n<p>The peril arises here:\u00a0<em>literally no one in the world of cognitive science champions Method A.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>EVERYONE who draws on cognitive science research &#8212; from the most ardent &#8220;constructivist&#8221; to the most passionate advocate for direct instruction &#8212; believes that students should\u00a0<em>actively<\/em> participate in learning by problem solving, discussion, creation, and so forth.<\/p>\n<p>Advocates for those two groups have <a href=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/which-is-better-desirable-difficulty-or-productive-struggle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">different names<\/a> for this mental activity: &#8220;desirable difficulties,&#8221; &#8220;productive struggle.&#8221;\u00a0They think quite differently about the best way to achieve all that active thinking. But they all agree that students must\u00a0<em>struggle<\/em> with some degree of <em>difficulty<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2>Slippery Logic<\/h2>\n<p>This naming muddle creates unfortunate logical slips.<\/p>\n<p>The study certainly suggests that Method B benefits students more than Method A. But, it doesn&#8217;t suggest that Method B is better than\u00a0<em>other<\/em> methods that might reasonably be called by the open-ended named &#8220;active.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>For instance:\u00a0it doesn&#8217;t necessarily mean that &#8220;constructivism&#8221; is better than direct instruction. And yet &#8212; because of those highly flexible labels &#8212; the study can be misinterpreted to support that claim.<\/p>\n<p>My concern isn&#8217;t hypothetical. Someone sent me this study precisely to support the argument that inquiry learning promotes more learning than direct instruction.<\/p>\n<p>But: &#8220;Method B&#8221; isn&#8217;t inquiry learning. And direct instruction isn&#8217;t Method A.<\/p>\n<h2>The Big Picture<\/h2>\n<p>I said at the beginning of this post that teachers might draw on research to be better teachers.<\/p>\n<p>I worry that readers will draw this inaccurate conclusion based on this study:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;Research proves that &#8216;active learning&#8217; (like projects and inquiry) is better than &#8216;passive learning&#8217; (like direct instruction).&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Instead, this study suggests that asking students to do additional, productive mental work results in more learning than reducing their mental work.<\/p>\n<p>Champions of both projects\/inquiry and direct instruction want students to do additional, productive mental work.<\/p>\n<p>Those schools of though have sharply different ideas of the best ways to accomplish that goal. But dismissing one of them as &#8220;passive&#8221; &#8212; and therefore obviously bad &#8212; obscures the important insights of that approach.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p>Deslauriers, L., McCarty, L. S., Miller, K., Callaghan, K., &amp; Kestin, G. (2019). Measuring actual learning versus feeling of learning in response to being actively engaged in the classroom.\u00a0<i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/i>,\u00a0<i>116<\/i>(39), 19251-19257.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most teachers want to be\u00a0better teachers. You&#8217;re probably reading this blog for research-based guidance on doing so. I recently read a study that\u00a0offers emphatic &#8212; and paradoxical &#8212; guidance. Exploring this research &#8212; as well as\u00a0its paradoxes\u00a0&#8212; might be helpful as we think about being better teachers. Here&#8217;s the story. A research team, led by [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":7902,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[113],"class_list":["post-7887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lb-blog","tag-constructivism-direct-instruction"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7887","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7887"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7887\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8010,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7887\/revisions\/8010"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7902"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7887"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7887"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7887"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}