{"id":2100,"date":"2017-06-01T08:00:11","date_gmt":"2017-06-01T08:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/blog\/?p=2100"},"modified":"2017-05-28T19:26:16","modified_gmt":"2017-05-28T19:26:16","slug":"use-your-words-the-impact-of-parent-and-teacher-speech-on-early-language-growth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/use-your-words-the-impact-of-parent-and-teacher-speech-on-early-language-growth\/","title":{"rendered":"Use Your Words: The Impact of Parent and Teacher Speech on Early Language Growth"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/AdobeStock_133239062_Credit.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2104 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/braindevs.net\/blog\/\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/AdobeStock_133239062_Credit-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"AdobeStock_133239062_Credit\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/AdobeStock_133239062_Credit-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/AdobeStock_133239062_Credit-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s finals time! <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the promise of spring and summer days rolls in, the increase in sunshine can mean only one thing for students: assignments, exams, papers, and projects are due.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not surprisingly, this time of year arrives with no shortage of stress for those with tight deadlines, writer\u2019s block, computer glitches, or myriad other dilemmas inherent to the academic world.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And for those faced with the daunting sight of a blank page needing to be filled, I like to offer the charming words of Sylvia Plath: \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">let me live, love, and say it well in good sentences.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, taken from Plath\u2019s novel <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Bell Jar<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the quote\u2019s implied ease of eloquent composition belies much of the strife of writing. Which brings us to an important question: where <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">do<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> good writers come from? Or, better yet, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">how<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> do children acquire the words that will eventually be put on paper to make them good writers (and to ace those finals)?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Given that language and literacy skills are ubiquitous, their development has been an interest of researchers for years. And it turns out that early language exposure has long-lasting implications for childhood skill growth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Let\u2019s Talk about School Talk<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hoping to better understand if the amount and type of vocabulary that preschool teachers use around their students would predict children\u2019s language skills at kindergarten and beyond, Dickinson &amp; Porche (2011) conducted a longitudinal study. [1] <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researchers observed and videotaped classroom interactions in a number of Head Start preschools. Teacher-child talk was then separated into several categories:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">teacher extending utterances<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were those times when teachers tried to keep conversation going by encouraging children to talk further;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sophisticated vocabulary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> reflected the number of low-frequency or sophisticated words used by teachers;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attention-related utterances<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> were those times when teachers tried to gain or hold their students\u2019 attention;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">correcting utterances<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> arose when teachers corrected the accuracy of what students said;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">analytic utterances during book reading<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> happened when teachers prompted their students to explore reasons for characters\u2019 actions or discussed the meanings of words.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researchers also examined children\u2019s literacy skills. To do this, the children completed tests targeting storytelling, receptive vocabulary, reading comprehension, and word recognition at both kindergarten and 4th grade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Analyses showed that reading comprehension in 4th grade was positively related to preschool teachers\u2019 use of sophisticated vocabulary and attention-related utterances.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As well, preschool teachers\u2019 use of sophisticated vocabulary positively influenced 4th grade decoding skills.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mediation model<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or an indirect chain effect, emerged among preschool teachers\u2019 sophisticated vocabulary, children\u2019s kindergarten decoding skills, and children\u2019s 4th grade reading comprehension. That is, students who had a preschool teacher that used more sophisticated vocabulary were better able to decode words in kindergarten, and in turn had better reading comprehension skills in 4th grade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, in essence, preschool teachers who used more varied words, and maintained their students\u2019 attention to these words, seemed to provide more opportunities for their students\u2019 language skills to grow.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Let\u2019s Talk about Home Talk<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, no discussion of schooling\u2019s impact on early skill development is complete without a look toward the home\u2019s impact.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One such home-based study investigated the relation between socioeconomic status (SES) and children\u2019s early language development. [2] <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There were two primary hypotheses here:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that SES-related differences in children\u2019s vocabulary could be the result of SES-related differences in language-learning experiences;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that maternal speech would mediate the relation between SES and child vocabulary development<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">33 high-SES families and 30 mid-SES families agreed to video record daily activities in their home and allowed researchers to transcribe them. Parent-child interactions were recorded twice, 10 weeks apart, and included such activities as getting dressed, eating breakfast, and playing with toys.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The researchers then used a variety of measures to analyze maternal speech. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They tallied <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">word tokens<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (i.e., the number of different words used), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">word types<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (i.e., the number of root words used, such that using both \u2018run\u2019 and \u2018running\u2019 counted as one use), and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">word totals<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (i.e., the total number of words, even if some were used more than once).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They also counted the number of times the parent built upon something the child said (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">topic-continuing replies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finally, children\u2019s vocabulary skill was assessed as a measure of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">productive vocabulary<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or the number of word types used in an average 90-utterance speech sample.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These data showed that SES was significantly associated with both child vocabulary and maternal speech: high-SES mothers produced more utterances, more word tokens, more word types, spoke for longer periods of time, and produced more topic-continuing replies than did mid-SES mothers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The average length of the mothers\u2019 speech significantly predicted child vocabulary. And, the association between SES and child vocabulary became statistically weaker once the researchers subtracted maternal speech from the equation. In other words, the difference in vocabulary that the researchers found between the high-SES and mid-SES children was due (almost fully) to the differences seen in their mothers\u2019 speech.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It seems, then, that SES-related differences in child-directed speech may arise from more general SES-related differences in language use. That is, the style of language use among higher-SES mothers appears to influence the way they talk to their children, which in turn affects the rate at which their children build their vocabularies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Small Steps toward Big Words<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These studies contribute to a large literature that suggests early language experiences have a substantial long-term impact on children\u2019s language and literacy skill development. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So should parents and teachers grab the thesaurus in hopes that that their children will fast-track to the Dean\u2019s List? <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Probably not. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But a little mindfulness about how we (as parents, teachers, and\/or caregivers) use our words around our youngest learners will probably go a long way. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In fact, studies have shown that even small increases in the richness of language that children are exposed to can have a lasting positive effect. [3]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So here and there, we can ask ourselves:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The next time I ask her to put her toys away, can I say it in a new way?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How can I push them to think about why the story character feels both happy and sad at the same time?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And my personal favorite: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Am I saying this well, in good sentences?<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">References:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Connor, C.M., Morrison, F.J., &amp; Slominski, L. (2006). Preschool instruction and children\u2019s emergent literacy skills. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Educational Psychology, 98,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 665-689. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Carol_Connor\/publication\/232442896_Preschool_instruction_and_children's_literacy_skill_growth\/links\/0912f50c221d00f5be000000.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">link<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dickinson, D. K., &amp; Porche, M. V. (2011). Relation between language experiences in preschool classrooms and children\u2019s kindergarten and fourth-grade language and reading abilities. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Child Development, 82<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 870-886.\u00a0[<a href=\"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/67fb\/947cdbb040cd5883e599aa29f33dd3241d3c.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">link<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hoff, E. (2003). The specificity of environmental influence: Socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Child Development, 74<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 1368-1378.\u00a0[<a href=\"http:\/\/isites.harvard.edu\/fs\/docs\/icb.topic478890.files\/Hoff2003.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">link<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s finals time! As the promise of spring and summer days rolls in, the increase in sunshine can mean only one thing for students: assignments, exams, papers, and projects are due. Not surprisingly, this time of year arrives with no shortage of stress for those with tight deadlines, writer\u2019s block, computer glitches, or myriad other [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":2104,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2100","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lb-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2100","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2100"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2100\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2105,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2100\/revisions\/2105"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2100"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2100"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learningandthebrain.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2100"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}